Zahra Rahchamani; Marziyeh Abad; Hasan Abdollahi; Seyed Hosein Seyyedi
Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2019, , Pages 147-170
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Simile is one the most beautiful artistic expressions and statements of rhetorical science that augments beauty of meaning with various implications. Eloquent simile would be considered the most elegant and frequent ever invoked in Nahj al-Balagh's sermons, which ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Simile is one the most beautiful artistic expressions and statements of rhetorical science that augments beauty of meaning with various implications. Eloquent simile would be considered the most elegant and frequent ever invoked in Nahj al-Balagh's sermons, which embraces about two third of the sermons’ similes. Since the syntax is the basis of speech, and similes are presented in a variety of structures, each of them has a special function and implication. The present study is aimed to investigate the style of the simile of Nah al-Balaghah on the syntactic layer.
Theoretical Framework
The purpose of stylistic studies is to investigate literary texts to discover and explain their characteristics through the analysis of style making elements in order to indicate the personal style of the writer. A stylistic analysis text would divide the text into five layers including phonetic, lexical, grammatical, rhetorical, and ideological sectors.
One of the most important issues that is considered in stylistic analysis of a literary work is the analysis of syntactic (grammatical) features of the text or its syntactic style. In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.
In this paper, the syntax layer of the eloquent simile is considered in sentence structure and parallel forms. The eloquent similes in the Nahj al-Balagh sermons are in different positions, according to the role of the word and image. They have been located in six syntactic forms that this article was aimed to study them. The great work of Amir al-Mu'menin (peace be upon him) is abundant use of parallel (similar( structures.
Method
According to the extensive use ofsimiles in Nahj al-Balaghah andthe role of syntax in speech, the present study tried to investigate the style of similes in Nahj al-Balagh in syntactic layer through the descriptive-analytical method.
Discussion and Conclusion
Similes have been extensively used in Nahj al-Balaghah and this is suited to the ideology of sermons that are intended to persuade and guide people and introduce the speaker's thoughts.
Eloquent simile includes about two third of similes of the Nahj al-Balagh. This means that 66% of similes in Nahj al-Balagh are eloquent; whereas many of the similes used are plural simile, which means they have several images, and if any image is considered a simile, the number of similes will increase.
In terms of structural sentences, the eloquent similes have located in six syntactic structure regarding to the syntax role of the image, which are syntactic roles of absolute object predicate, added to likened, and type of expression, respectively. The structure of verb clause in the similes of the absolute object implies some kind of modernity. The repetition of the infinitive form produces a smooth music in addition to the emphasis in. In the similes that image is an informative sentence, the noun clause implies in stability. Hence, the similes used in these structures are also in line with Imam's goals. In most of the additional similes, sensory likened have been added to rational image. Also, most of the similes that are considered to the second object are plural simile.
Another syntactic and stylistic method used in Nahj al-Balagh is the abundant use of parallel structures. Parallel structures are made up of parallel forms connected by coordinate conjunctions and take an identical syntactic role. These structures have been used in two ways in sermons.
The first type of parallel structure is between two consecutive similes, which is the syntactic structure of the second simile that, in turn, is similar to the syntactic structure of the first simile. The second type, which is more frequent than the first type, is in plural simile, which parallel construct are between images used in the same structure. These structures have created some literary devices including repetitions, pun, rhyme and contrast in the similes that have led to their musicalization.
Zahra Rahchamani; Abbas Arab
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Archetypal criticism, known as a branch of psychological criticism, can be considered as a good criterion for analyzing literary texts. In this respect, the well-known "mother archetype" is regarded as one of the most significant and critical archetypes. Regarding ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Archetypal criticism, known as a branch of psychological criticism, can be considered as a good criterion for analyzing literary texts. In this respect, the well-known "mother archetype" is regarded as one of the most significant and critical archetypes. Regarding the fact that this archetype has profound effects on not only artistic creations and creative areas in human mind but also, even more, on one’s personality; nobody can be excluded from its effects (all individuals are influenced by this archetype). This archetype has arisen, like other archetypes, in both positive and negative aspects. In this article, its positive aspects in Badr Shakir al-Sayyab’s poetry, one of the greatest poets in modern Arabic poetry and free verse movement, is investigated. Mother archetypal in al-Sayyab’s poetry has arisen in such forms like mother, grandmother, earth and tree and all of these concepts show a passion for the mother and return to the original.
2. Theoretical Framework
The most important theory of Jung, Swiss psychologist, is about the unconsciousness of human mind. Jung divides the psyche into two categories, self-consciousness and unconsciousness, and calls the contents of the collective unconsciousness “Archetype". Archetypes are ancient concepts that have always influenced human mind, and they usually have common and identical meanings among various nations. One of the most important archetypes is “Mother” archetype. The mother's face is a mystical and sacred face in the unconsciousness of human mind. Mother Archetype can be considered as a very important and vital archetype. It has two positive and negative aspects and this is the property of the archetype, because the archetype is a symbol and the symbol also has a bipolar property. One of the manifestations of Mother Archetype is the earth, water, sea, rain, mountain, etc., or anything else that brings about the sense of sacrifice. These are all positive aspects of Mother Archetype. Among the human forms in which the real mother appears, is “real mother, grandmother, Stepmother, and any woman who has a relationship with her, such as a nurse”. Mother in the world of nature has manifested itself in various aspects. Many of the things that inspire the feeling of sacrifice, service, compassion, and kindness can be seen as mothers' manifestations, such as university, city, earth, forest, sea, and etc. If the positive content of the archetype is not revealed consciously and is suppressed, their energy will be transferred to negative aspects. In this case, the Mother archetype will not be excluded.
3. Methodology
Considering the necessity of scientific approaches to the study of literary texts, especially using the old approach of Jung's model in analyzing works with outstanding psychological dimensions, we use a descriptive-analytical method and Yung's ideas in studying the “Mother Archetype” in Badr Shakir al-Sayyib’s poetry.
4. Discussion & Conclusion
Mother Archetype has the same feature as two-way (bipolar) symbols (positive and negative) due to its archetypal nature. In its positive aspect, it is a diagram of all emotions and maternal tendencies, such as fertility, breeding, and vegetable. Undoubtedly, this Archetype is one of the main attributes of Sayyab's poetry which is reflected in his poems. Perhaps it is due to the loss of his mother at an early age, and later the loss of his grandmother, the bitter Arab political events, that this archetype has always been alive in his mind and is manifested in his poetry in the form of special symbols. In the poem of Sayyab, the Mother Archetype appeared in reality in two aspects of "mother" and "grandmother." The poet, who has been deprived of maternal affections at childhood, always spoke about his mother and after his mother, the only source of affection was his grandmother. Mother Archetype in its natural form is found in the "earth", "water" and "tree". Earth is the most important symbol of Mother Archetype due to its fertility and reproduction. Earth in general and Jikor in particular are the aspects of Mother Archetype in Sayyab's poetry. By establishing a relationship between Mother Archetype and the earth in his expression of fertility, Sayyab sees verdurous and fertile Jikor as a mother hugging her children. Water is an example of the positive symbol of mother because of its inherent fertility and birth in nature. Boveyeb River is considered as one of symbols that refer to fertility and vegetation in Sayyab's poetry. Rain in his poem also means the end of darkness, drought and famine, and the beginning of the brightness, fertility, and birth. The water, the rain and the river in his poem are the beginning of birth and fertility. The orange trees, berries and wheat clusters are aspects of reproduction and Mother Archetype.
